ID: Judiciary Act of 1789
When: September 24, 1789
Who:
- Proposed by: Congressman Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut
- Signed into law by: President [George [Washington
What:
Established a federal court system for the newly formed United States under the Constitution. The Act outlined a three-tiered system:
- Supreme Court: Comprised of a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices.
- Circuit Courts: Three circuit courts were created to handle appeals from the district courts.
- District Courts: Thirteen district courts, one for each state at the time, served as the primary trial courts.
The Act also granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review for certain cases, though this power wasn’t explicitly defined until the landmark Marbury v. Madison case in 1803.
Impact? Why Significant?:
- Established a Foundation: Provided a crucial framework for the federal judiciary, outlining its structure, jurisdiction, and procedures. This was essential for the new government to function effectively.
- Strengthened Federal Power: By establishing a separate federal court system, the Act contributed to the growth of federal power and influence relative to the states.
- Source of Debate and Evolution: The Act’s provisions, particularly those related to judicial review and the balance of power between state and federal courts, have been the subject of ongoing debate and interpretation throughout American history.